Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Bioelectromagnetics. Cookies policy. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Google Scholar. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Koch C, Zador A. CAS Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Abe M, Bonini NM. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects 1996;180:917. Bioelectromagnetics. Wang et al. 2015;36:4804. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Eastern J Med. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Wang et al. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2003;41:26887. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Cite this article. 2015;91:55561. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Kwon et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Cassel et al. Biomed Environ Sci. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Gene. Cell Biochem Biophys. Here's What Would Happen If Your Body Was Microwaved - Grunge.com Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Mil Med Sci. Chin J Birth Health Hered. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. 2009;4:e4389. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Cobb et al. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. 1994;15:95104. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Int J Hyg Environ Health. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Qutob et al. Privacy After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Int J Radiat Biol. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Dasdag et al. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Behav Brain Res. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2008;86:718. Correspondence to [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Behav Brain Res. Merola et al. 2006;98:170713. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare Terms and Conditions, Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Google Scholar. 2000;11:16413. 2014;8:63. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Neurol Sci. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Zhang et al. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. 2015;140:23646. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Neuroreport. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. 2003;11:346. PubMed Central Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Int J Epidemiol. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. 2015;28:1324. Int J Radiat Biol. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Electromagn Biol Med. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. . Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. 2014;53:22230. 2012;112:1715. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. 2003;80:177. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. 2010;473:525. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. 2005;161:52635. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Int J Occup Environ Health. Biochem J. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. 2009;63:10106. 2014;70:84555. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Suhhova et al. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Trends Cell Biol. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. J Neurosci. Wang et al. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Microwave Health Effects Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. 2012;21:6209. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Harris KM. 2006;27:16471. 2000;6:18793. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. 2 Researchers have been working. 2015;148:150. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. 2007;96:218196. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. 2004;155:3743. Clinics. Xiong et al. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. 2007;27:6024. Electromagn Biol Med. 2009;27:556572. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. J Med Food. J Electromagnet Anal. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Neurobiol Learn Mem. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. millimeter, or equivalently. 1992;6:379. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Sci Total Environ. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. 2007;28:187380. 2008;29:52738. 2016;25:31827. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg.