This was a group responsible only to Papa Doc . The massacre contributed to the emergence a week later of the September 1988 Haitian coup d'tat against the Henri Namphy regime, which brought to power Prosper Avril. Released 21 May 1971 on Neon (catalog no. 589-636. Angry Mobs in Haiti Said to Take Revenge on Duvalier'S Policemen They were killed in an infirmary where they were being treated for wounds received during the battle. _ 1987 (November 29): Event known in collective memory as the massacre de la ruelle Vaillant. Under the rule of General Namphy, at dawn on an election day, a group of 50 to 60 armed men, composed of soldiers in civilian clothes as well as macoutes, killed at least 16 civilians in a polling station of the Ecole Nationale Argentine Bellegarde, a school in Port-au-Prince. Laraque, Paul and Frank, Hati, la lutte et lespoir, Montreal, CIDIHCA, 2003. The assault lasted three hours, during which the attackers faced no opposition from the army, whose barracks were located opposite the church. A confidential memorandum of the Secretary of the Navy (in Gaillard, 1981: 238-241) criticized these indiscriminate killings against natives during several weeks. In July 1920, H.J. _ * (These events were often mentioned in interviews with witnesses and in an OAS report (ICHR, 1991: 469) but no exhaustive study has been conducted on the subject). The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded. The Gestapo in a sense became somewhat of a paramilitary force as well during the war. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. His gang lives on, murdering innocent people and allegedly eating their organs. All the victims were Duvalierists and close to the Duvalier family, or to Papa Doc himself. Navnet (bogstaveligt "Onkel strtaske") kom fra et navn fra haitisk voodoo for manden med leen.Da snnen Jean-Claude Duvalier "Baby Doc" overtog prsidentposten efter faderens dd i 1971, fik privatmilitsen det officielle navn Milice de . In power from 1957, Papa Doc made voodoo the country's official religion and claimed to be Baron Samedi, the religion's spirit of death. The total number of victims in Port-au-Prince that day was at least 34, although an observer interviewed by the ICHR (1988: 84) quoted the figure of 200. According to Pierre-Charles (2000), there were several hundred victims during this year alone. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. V no. According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariat was the social background of most macoutes. Pierre-Charles, Grard, Hati Jamais Plus! 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Kelly Will Pay More Than $300,000 For Therapy And Herpes Treatment To Sex Crimes Victims, The 10 Greatest Billboard Hits Of Nicki Minaj, Ranked. _ Beyond opponents of the regime, the targeted groups cannot be defined in traditional political terms, which made the Duvalierist violence fundamentally new (Trouillot, 1990: 166-170). There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. [1] Haitians named this force after the Haitian Creole mythological Tonton Macoute (Uncle Gunnysack) bogeyman who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunnysack (macoute) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast.[2][3]. In Haiti: Security Security, commonly known as the Tontons Macoutes (a Haitian Creole phrase meaning "bogeymen"); the group was formally disbanded in 1986, but its members continued to terrorize the populace. At least 1,000 people were killed during the following few weeks, according to the Platform of Human Rights Organizations, the main human rights group at that time in the country. dr lorraine day coronavirus test. Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1990. TONTON MACOUTE: The Haitian Boogeyman Full Horror Movie - YouTube According to local witnesses before the Truth and Peace Commission in 1995, several dead bodies were thrown into a nearby open mass grave dug on the soldiers orders; several youths were then executed after having dug the grave, and thrown into it; other bodies were allegedly carried away by a truck and were disappeared.. [8], In 1991, after Aristide had been elected President in the Haitian general election, 19901991, his Minister of Justice accused Romain of responsibility, and sought his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, without success.[1]. Alongside the SS, the Gestapo, under Himmler, played a major role in carrying out the Final Solution, from the liquidation of the Ghettos to transportation of prisoners to the concentration camps. Harkening Back to Dark Days in Haiti - FPIF He came out on to the path and the Tontons Macoute shot him down from a car. His work exposes the evil of Duvalier's rule and the tale . _ The racism of the US Marines, most of whom were from the South of the United States (particularly Louisiana and Alabama), has been presented as a factor in the indiscriminate killings of niggers who pretend to speak French (in the words of a US general). The total number of victims, 22, was disputed. ANDREW MALONE: Rape, murder and voodoo on the island of the damned Amnesty International, Haiti Annual Report, 2001. A judicial inquiry was opened in July 1994. During the 28 years in power of Papa Doc and his playboy son and heir, Jean-Claude Duvalier, or Baby Doc, the Tonton Macoutes and their henchmen killed between 30,00 and 60,000 Haitians, and . It had become the norm, whole families guilty by bloodline, condemned, executed.". The Tontons Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. Americas Watch, Physicians for Human Rights, National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Return to the Darkest Days: Human Rights in Haiti since the Coup, New York, 1991. Duvalier, who declared himself president for life, created the Tonton Macoute the following year in 1959. In 1993, I watched as the might of the U.S. military was repelled by mobs armed with stones and clubs when American troops arrived to restore order. The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes(its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). 1987 (July 23): Event known in collective memory as the Jean-Rabel massacre. In the vicinity of Jean-Rabel (in the Northwest of the country), paramilitary groups led by macoutesand acting upon orders from a local land oligarch, Rmy Lucas, killed at least 139 peasants (300 according to various human rights groups and the OAS, and 1,042 according to Nicol Poitevien, one of the self-proclaimed assassins). Members of Tt Ansanm hid in the brush - some survived, while others were found and slaughtered by the armed brigades. In the northeastern region alone, up to 15,000 individuals were killed, most of them with machetes, between the 2nd and the 8th of October. Garcia, Juan Manuel, La Matanza de los haicianos : Genocidio de Trujillo, 1937, Santo Domingo: Alfa y Omega, 1983. Haitis Illegal Prime Minister Arrests the Legal One, in Haiti-Progrs, June 2004. _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 22-23 and 103; ICHR, 1992). Even after Papa Doc died in 1971 there was no respite for Haiti. [2][5][6] I solemnly vowed to keep alive the memory of my departed cellmates." According to the National Palace Chief of Police, Jean Tassy, 2,053 individuals were killed from 1957 to 1967, in the police headquarters alone (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 56). Cattle was killed or taken away by looting soldiers. Following Stalins death in 1953, the NKVDs atrocities were halted by Nikita Khrushchev, with many living victims absolved of their crimes. [4] Aristide, who had survived at least six attempts on his life after a fiery 1985 Mass had helped spark the unrest which eventually led to the 1986 overthrow of the dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier,[5] was evacuated from the church into a residence inside the church compound. Le tonton macoute tait assis seul une table, devant une bouteille de rhum et un verre moiti plein. Wilentz, A., The Rainy Season. The following day, Vilbrun Sam and Etienne were dragged respectively from the consulates of France and of the Dominican Republic, where they had sought refuge, and were lynched by a mob. The Progressive Inc. publishes The Progressive magazine plus Progressive.org and Public Schools Advocate. [6] Filan, Kenaz (2007). Faced with considerable pressure from human rights groups, the Minister of Justice eventually issued an arrest warrant on September 13, 1995. Tonton Macoutes in Haiti, an Evil Legacy of the Duvalier Dynasty A fresh take on sports: the biggest news and most entertaining lists. Historians use the term genocide in reference to this event. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared themselves, never to be seen again. Create Dangerously - Edwidge Danticat - The New York Times 1969 (April 5): Event known as the massacre de Cazale. In the village of Cazale (sometimes spelled Casale or Casal), North of Port-au-Prince, army soldiers and macouteskilled several dozen peasant families. Aided in part by the CIA, the BRAC was most notably utilized during the 26 of July Movement which brought Fidel Castro and his revolutionaries to Cuba. The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. His son, Baby Doc, then replaced him and ruled until 1986. 1919 (November): At least two US planes bombed and shot at the civilian population of two villages of Thomazeau, in the southeastern region of the central plateau, and allegedly killed half of their inhabitants. Article created on Monday, March 3, 1997. [1] According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church. At the same period, locals had been embroiled in a tax dispute and had refused to pay taxes on the sale of agricultural products, which had alienated the Duvalier regime further. The SAVAK was the Shah of Irans secret police force from 1957 until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Tonton Macoute - Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre When the Hospital could not supply this, the local funeral homes would be used. Under the rule of interim President Ertha Pascale Trouillot, in the rural area of Saint-Marc (in the Artibonite discrict, North of the capital), three dozen army soldiers and armed local civilians killed 11 peasants, in the villages of Piatre, Djean, Dupervil, Ka Jan and Ti Plas, in the context of a land conflict between local peasants and big landowners. (Sleeve) 1971 RCA Limited. To counteract this threat, he created a military force that bore several names. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to donate money for public works (which were the source of profit for corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). Danroc, Gilles and Roussire, Daniel, La Rpression au quotidien en Hati (1991-1994), Commission Justice et Paix du diocse des Gonaives (Justice and Peace Commission of the Gonaives diocese), Karthala, , 1995. Former journalist Michle Montas still vividly remembers the bullet-ridden bodies lying on the sidewalk near her home on April 26, 1963. The BRAC was disbanded after Batista fled to Spain in 1959 as communist forces moved into Havana. 1967 (June 8): 19 military officers and high-ranking officers were killed in Fort-Dimanche by a firing-squad led by Franois Duvalier himself. "1.2. It was one of the most brutal days of the twenty-nine-year rule of Papa Doc and his son, Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier. The Oprichnikis methods of torture and execution ranged from impalement, boiling victims alive, roasting them over an open flame and even drawing and quartering them. Her next novel, Claire of the Sea Light, will be published in August 2013. In 1986, after the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier, Colonel Regala, who sent the order to execute the Sansericq family, became one of the members of the ruling junta. The soldiers first shot at voters in the waiting line with automatic weapons, before continuing their attack with machetes inside the polling station. This religious affiliation gave the Tontons Macoute a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. The court of assize immediately sentenced Desyr to death. The exact number of victims still remains unknown. Literature. In fact, the killing also had ideological and racial dimensions, as Duvalier relied on a political ideology known as noirisme (Blackism), through which he claimed to promote the black masses against mulatto elites. Hence, the Duvalier dictatorship targeted mulatto sectors of society, seen as prone to political opposition, but also as illegitimate members of the nation. Wearing their trademark mirrored sunglasses and designer T-shirts, these murderers and cannibals were named after a terrifying bogeyman from Haitian mythology, who carried off naughty children into slavery. Haiti Face the Future, EPICA, Washington, DC, 1994. _ *** (Pierre-Charles, 2000: 85-86; Avril, 1999: 146-149; Interviews with witnesses). The intimidation became so extreme that the MVSN, who were rightly known as the Tonton Macoutes, began burning people alive, or stoning them to death. It was that of the sleeve designer. The latest chapter began in 1991 when . [13], Luckner Cambronne led the Tontons Macoute throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), 1992, Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1991, Washington, D.C., OEA, 1992. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. Fuller, Anne, La tuerie de la Scierie, Le Nouvelliste, Port-au-Prince, April 2005. Michle Montas feels the same urgency in commemorating April 26 this year. Tonton Macoute: Directed by Nigel Robinson. Dolo k tomu v roce 1959 po pokusu tradin mulatsk elity a armdnch piek legln zvolenho prezidenta Duvaliera svrhnout. Soon after Papa Doc Duvalier became president, Emmanuel found his political views at odds with Papa Doc and his secret police, the Tonton Macoute. The MVSN, commonly known as the Tonton Macoutes, was notorious for corruption and brutality. Avril, Prospre, From Glory to Disgrace, the Haitian Army, 1804-1994, Universal Publishers, 1999. [5][7] In 1993 Antoine Izmry was assassinated at a mass commemorating the massacre. Leconte, Frantz Antoine, En Grandissant sous Duvalier: lagonie dun Etat-Nation, : LHarmattan, 1999. President Prval, who was democratically elected in November 1995, was in power during the interval from 1996 to 2001. From their methods to their choice of clothes, vodou always played an important role in their actions. 17:09 EST 13 Jan 2010 This particular name was earned by one of his endeavors of extorting blood plasma from locals for sale. 1964 (August): Event known as the massacre des Vpres jrmiennes. In the locality of Jrmie (in the Southwest of the country), army soldiers led by Lt. Abel Jerome, Lt. Sony Borge, Col. Regala and by macoutesSanette Balmir and St. Ange Bomtemps killed 27 individuals (men, women and children); almost all of them belonged to educated mulatto families. Available at:http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. NE 4; Vinyl LP). The members of the firing squad, chosen by Duvalier himself, were high-ranking officers who were all relatives or close friends of the victims. [citation needed] After Duvalier's death, he was ordered into exile by Duvalier's widow Simone, and son, Baby Doc Duvalier. In several occasions, young children were tortured. While the young have never been told, while so many older Haitians have chosen to forget, while some politicians are now attempting to rewrite history, and while the charges against Jean Claude Duvalier are still pending, I hope that the voices of those saying 'never again' will this time be heard.". The military ruled until September 19, 1994, when US President Clinton ordered the US marines to intervene and reinstall democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Les Cent jours de Rosalvo Bobo ou une mise mort politique, Presses Nationales, Port-au-Prince, 1973. The Tonton Macountes were a staple in the country putting Papa Doc's opponents in their place. From the very well known and notorious, to others that may be new to the reader, here are ten of the most vicious, terrifying secret police forces in (mostly) modern history. _ In 1991, the Minister of Justice of President Aristides first government accused army General Williams Rgala, who was Minister of Defense at the time, of having ordered the killing and hence, requested his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, but to no avail. Carri later refuted the allegation. Tonton Macoutes Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images The NKVD had important rolesin the implementation and execution of the Gulags, as well as during the Second World War. His cruelty earned him the nickname Vampire of the Caribbean. This killing was allegedly carried out in retaliation for the burning of an army lieutenants home in the area during the night of October 1. Seven of its occupants, aged 20 to 30 years, were shot and killed while fleeing the house. At least two anti-Aristide youths, Jean-Baptiste Knol and Joseph Leroy, were thrown alive into a burning building. Manigat, Leslie, Eventail dHistoire vivante dHaiti, vol. Most of the victims of this popular justice lived downtown and, therefore, were macoute chiefs of lesser importance or even miserable wretches (Trouillot, 1990: 155). ), En Grandissant sous Duvalier. Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. Cette vido prsente des tmoignages recueillis par Amnesty International en 1985 sur les arrestations arbitraires et les actes de. 1991 (October 2): The army killed at least 7 individuals in Gonaives, Artibonite, including one child and one adolescent, during a demonstration in support of President Aristide. Frre, Grard-Alphonse, Liste partielle des victimes de la dictature duvaliriste, 1957-1986, not dated. Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses to suppress political opposition. . Tonton Macoute var prsidentens privatmilits i Haiti.Gruppen blev oprettet i 1959 af Franois Duvalier "Papa Doc" to r efter at han blev prsident. tonton macoute massacre. 1977 (September 21): Eight political prisoners, who had been detained in Fort-Dimanche for several years, were taken out of their cells and shot by a firing squad in Morne Christophe, outside Port-au-Prince. In 1991, the Minister of Justice of President Aristides first government accused Frank Romain, who was Mayor of Port-au-Prince at the time, of having organized the killing and hence, requested his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, but to no avail. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, V. Hinche mise en croix, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1982. 1986 (April 26): Event known in collective memory as the massacre of Fort-Dimanche. Army soldiers and attachs opened fire on a peaceful demonstration attempting to honor the victims of the Duvalier regime in the Fort-Dimanche prison (the date of April 26th was also in reference to the 1963 killing). Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. onmyoji exchange center redemption code; working breed german shepherd puppies; cumberland county high school football; sjrwmd staff directory; Papa Doc Duvalier created the Tontons Macoutes because he perceived the military to be a threat to his power. Known to torture its victims with methods including electric shock, removal of teeth and finger nails, as well as boiling water treatment, SAVAK spent the majority of its resources weeding out and torturing either the Shia or communist opponents to the Shahs rule. 1986 (January 31): Army soldiers led by Colonel Samuel Jrmie killed nearly one hundred people in Logane (Southwest of Port-au-Prince) during a demonstration of peasants who were (prematurely) celebrating the departure into exile of Jean-Claude Duvalier. Tonton Macoute | Military Wiki | Fandom "Shortly after Baby Doc Duvalier was propelled to power as President for life, I was arrested, as were thousands before and after me," Patrick Lemoine writes in his heart-wrenching memoir, Fort Dimanche, Dungeon of Death, an excruciating account of his six years in captivity. Tonton Macoute Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | AllMusic _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 81-84; Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 21; ICHR, 1992). 1963 (April 26): In Port-au-Prince, macoutescarried out a series of assassinations of the families of alleged opponents to the government after a failed attempt to kidnap Papa Docs son Jean-Claude. Haitian police and military units also acted with impunity. Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were used with the intention of instilling fear and respect. Menu Lemoine, Patrick, List of victims of Duvalirism. After Germanys defeat, the subsequent Nuremberg Trials declared the Gestapo a criminal organization and many of its members were executed for war crimes. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997; Americas Watch, 1991). The attempted kidnapping had been orchestrated by Clment Barbot, a macoute and former head of the secret services of Papa Doc, to whom he was close. 1919 (January): 19 Caco prisoners were executed in Hinche on US Captain Lavoies orders. Several notorious macoutes, such as William Rgala, one of those responsible for the Vpres Jrmiennes, were promoted to political posts. A few days prior to January 17, a Justice of the Peace had ordered the arrest of 27 peasants from Gervais after the destruction of a storage area belonging to another party to the conflict. TONTON MACOUTE: THEIR SELF-TITLED DEBUT, CONSIDERED (1971): The jazz The St. Jean Bosco massacre took place in Haiti on 11 September 1988. CLINTON GRAPHICALLY DETAILS ATROCITIES IN HAITI - Sun Sentinel Les Violations de droits de lhomme lpoque des Duvaliers, Editions du Cresfed, Port-au-Prince, 2000. The approximate number of civilians and unarmed combatants killed during the civil war remains unknown but, according to historian Roger Gaillard, the peasants paid a heavy price.. The Tontons Macoutes murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. From 1957 to 1986, the Duvalier family reigned as dictators, turning the country into a hermit kingdom with a personality cult and corruption. When Papa Doc began killing anyone he suspected of political opposition, Emmanuel took action . 1991 (January 17): In Gervais, Artibonite, 12 peasants were killed and 8 were disappeared (while 20 others were wounded and 494 houses were allegedly set on fire). Baby Doc, his deranged son, took over and continued the terror. Both bands were managed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikely (Matthews Southern Comfort/The Herd/and Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick and Titch). Their executions were summary and swift, and most often evidence was sparring at best. Roc, Nancy, Requiem pour la Scierie, in Alterpress, Port-au-Prince, April 16, 2004. In 1918 and 1919, many Caco prisoners were systematically executed once they had been disarmed, following explicit, written orders (in Gaillard, 1981: 32-39, 49, 214, 307). Dupuy, Alex, The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2007. Torture of Cacos or alleged Cacos by the Marines was also common practice; this included the hanging of individuals by their genitals, forced absorption of liquids, and the use of ceps, simultaneous pressure by two guns on both side of the tibia bone. La Droute de lintelligence, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1992. [22] They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a constitutional referendum that declared him president for life. Soldiers used machetes rather than firearms to prevent alerting the surrounding Haitian communities, which were exterminated afterward. Tonton Macoutes tntn mkoot [ key] [Haitian Creole,=bogeymen], personal police force of dictator Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) of Haiti. [9][10] They were then renamed to Milice Civile (Civilian Militia), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Volunteers of the National Security, or VSN). The number of victims is unknown but is said to be above three hundred for the first two days. Geographic (and cultural) isolation of the rural population in the center of the country impeded the flow of information and testimony on acts of violence committed in these areas. massacre 11 - Traduo em portugus - exemplos ingls | Reverso Context 5, 2003. [1][4], The church was the parish of future President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, then a liberation theology Roman Catholic priest of the Salesians of Don Bosco order, and had been packed with 1000 people for Sunday mass. On April 21, 2005, the Cour de Cassation (the highest court in the country) invalidated this judgment; the court based its ruling on a 1928 law that prohibited trial by jury for multiple crimes, although this very law had already been nullified by the 1987 Constitution. Available at: http://www.fordi9.com/Pages/Victlist/ListA.htm. Successive dictators have raped, murdered and even reputedly eaten their enemies. _ *** (Turits, 2002; Turits, 2003: 161-180; Roorda, 1998: 127-139; Saez, 1988, vol I: 60-70; Castor, 1988; Garcia, 1983; Cuello, 1985). The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. After 15 more years of bloodshed and oppression, the people finally rose up in 1986 and Baby Doc was forced to flee into exile in France. Saez, Jos Luiz, Los Jesuitas en la Repblica Dominicana, Santo Domingo: Museo Nacional de Historia y Geografa: Archivos Histricos de las Antillas, 1988. Anthropological Reflections on Religion and Violence", "5. "He inherited a repressive machine from his father," she says, "and continued to use it to stay in power. The dreaded Oprichniki, Tsar Ivan the Terribles secret police force tasked to govern the Oprichnina territory of Russia and enforce the Tsars policy of brutal suppression of enemies of the state, were active for a mere seven years, between 1565 and 1572, but their actions remain infamous. United Nations, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti prepared by Mr. Adama Dieng (E/CN.4/2001/106), United Nations, New York, 2004. As the world reacted with pledges of help for the latest traumatised victims of the Island of the Damned, rescuers continued their desperate search for bodies and relatives waited for news. In 1938 in Washington D.C., the Dominican Republic government agreed to pay US$ 750,000 (of which 525,000 were eventually paid) in compensation, but paradoxically, it refused to admit any responsibility for the killings in the document it then signed (Cuello, 1985: 456; Turits, 2002: 622-623).