More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. An acquisition occurs when a buying company . I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. The Journal of American History has never printed his name. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. It is one of the longest serving continuously operating offices in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and has been recognized for the excellence of its publications and programs for over a half century. Sectionalism map of the united states; In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2014). Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. Treaty of Paris A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . 4 0 obj Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). sovereign, self-governing republic. But they are not the whole of it. 36. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. 16. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. ",#(7),01444'9=82. 4. United States Maps: Acquisition of Territory; Expansionism Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. PDF Chapter 10 Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the 15. 32. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904 Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. 3 0 obj Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. This was an intellectually transformative event. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. 14. 1846. 13. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. Imperialism and the United States Alaska Hawaii Reasons W.B. 1848. ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO After thousands of whites poured into the territory, many in breach of federal law, it was eventually admitted as a white-majority state in 1907. Hello, <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a Gadsden Purchase. 203. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . <> Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. Bicknell, Edward. United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. 39. 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. 1. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. They hung on classroom walls. Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. 286,541. 47. 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. 12. Leadership Task 2 John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. Profile of the Erie Canal, notes, and illustration in lower margin. 1848. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. 7. The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. ed. The premier biography of Albizu is Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora , 2nd ed. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. commonwealth status as Federated States of Bicknell, Edward. Relief shown by hachures. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. 29,670. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an 15. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? 29. Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . (William B.) Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. I jokingly describe this to my students as the Menacing Eagle School of History, after the many books in this vein whose covers depict eagles attacking the globe. 1845. Major accounts include Federico Ribes Tovar, Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary , trans. For a widely read recent articulation of the Williams thesis that the United States has pursued imperialism by other means, see Richard H. Immerman, Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (Princeton, NJ, 2010). The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. U.S. Vendor: Bernard J. Shapero Books (London) Acquisitions control no. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. This was not a freak event. That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). But things are changing quickly. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). diss., University of Chicago, 2014). The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd Albizus long career defies easy summary. Annexation of independent republic. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes) Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. Annexation - Wikipedia In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. In 1947, the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Marshall Islands became the most recent U.S. territorial acquisitions, as of August 2021. References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. The territorial governor of Alaska, Ernest Gruening, saw it that way, and drafted a book in 1954 entitled Alaska is a Colony (never published, but held in the Ernest Gruening Papers, box 754, folder 316, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Archives and Manuscripts, University of AlaskaFairbanks). Albizu presents something of a puzzle. As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. United States--Territorial expansion. Pdf. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. All rights reserved. The Greater United States (1904), . Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. 21. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. 9. Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 %PDF-1.5 5. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. United States territorial acquisitions - Ballotpedia Kami Export - imperialism_DBQ_1.pdf - AMERICAN IMPERIALISM In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. HUSH FINAL MAP: US Acquisitions and Annexations :) 18. Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. United States territorial acquisitions - INFOGALACTIC Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? Not yet. state.gov. Annexation | Teaching American History The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. 42. 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. 22. You wont find him anywhere in the Oxford History of the United States , the New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations , or any of the major textbooksincluding those, like Howard Zinns Peoples History of the United States and James W. Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me , explicitly designed to give voice to suppressed histories. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. It culminated in nationalists firing shots at the governors mansion in San Juan and in a very-nearly-successful assassination attempt on President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. Reporter and political insider Drew Pearson cited the attempt on Trumans life as one of the reasons that Truman didnt run for re-election. Or jump ahead to the 2008 presidential election, which pitted Barack Obama, a Hawaiian (born shortly after Hawaii became a state), against John McCain, a Zonian (i.e., born in the Panama Canal Zone), and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. endobj stream But California was the extreme. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. Consider Williamss Empire as a Way of Life , a 226-page survey of U.S. imperial ambitions that engages in no substantive discussion of any overseas territory. Acquisitions Incorporated | Forgotten Realms Wiki | Fandom Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. 23. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. 529,189. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps.